Participant Table, Anatomical Analyses

## 
## 
## |          &nbsp;           | level  |          ASD           |           TD           |   p    | test |
## |:-------------------------:|:------:|:----------------------:|:----------------------:|:------:|:----:|
## |           **n**           |        |           39           |           31           |        |      |
## |        **SEX (%)**        | Female |       11 (28.2)        |       14 (45.2)        | 0.223  |      |
## |                           |  Male  |       28 (71.8)        |       17 (54.8)        |        |      |
## |  **BilingualCoded (%)**   |   0    |       14 (38.9)        |       18 (58.1)        | 0.186  |      |
## |                           |   1    |       22 (61.1)        |       13 (41.9)        |        |      |
## |  **V1.Age (mean (SD))**   |        |     38.69 (13.47)      |     37.61 (14.20)      | 0.746  |      |
## |  **MEL_cat (mean (SD))**  |        |      3.56 (1.44)       |      4.42 (0.99)       | 0.007  |      |
## |    **INR (mean (SD))**    |        |      3.36 (2.48)       |      4.22 (2.14)       | 0.136  |      |
## |   **SES1 (mean (SD))**    |        |      -0.40 (1.98)      |      0.54 (1.66)       | 0.038  |      |
## | **ExpLang_T (mean (SD))** |        |     32.97 (11.55)      |     48.77 (11.52)      | <0.001 |      |
## | **RecLang_T (mean (SD))** |        |     33.61 (12.66)      |     53.32 (11.13)      | <0.001 |      |
## |  **ELC_SS (mean (SD))**   |        |     73.45 (19.66)      |     104.94 (16.57)     | <0.001 |      |
## |    **TBV (mean (SD))**    |        | 1077556.59 (105504.07) | 1045805.30 (115665.35) | 0.235  |      |
## 
## Table: Participant Summary Table for Anatomical Analyses

LGI Results

INR

	lh_transversetemporal_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	2.77	2.14 – 3.39	<0.001
Income:Needs	0.03	0.00 – 0.06	0.035
TBV	0.00	0.00 – 0.00	<0.001
Observations	65
R² / R² adjusted	0.505 / 0.489

	lh_superiortemporal_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	2.72	2.22 – 3.22	<0.001
Income:Needs	0.02	0.00 – 0.05	0.027
TBV	0.00	0.00 – 0.00	<0.001
Observations	65
R² / R² adjusted	0.480 / 0.463

	rh_parsopercularis_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.42	2.74 – 4.11	<0.001
Income:Needs	0.03	0.00 – 0.06	0.040
TBV	0.00	0.00 – 0.00	0.001
Bilingual	0.25	0.11 – 0.39	0.001
Observations	64
R² / R² adjusted	0.328 / 0.294

Income to needs ratio predicts lh transverse temporal and superior temporal LGI, controlling for age and TBV (no significant dx by INR interaction), and right hemisphere pars opercularis LGI, controlling for TBV, age, and bilingualism.

Dx Results

Diagnosis is associated with lh pars opercularis LGI when controlling for TBV, age, sex/gender, and bilingualism.

	lh_parsopercularis_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.15	2.47 – 3.82	<0.001
Dx	-0.14	-0.27 – -0.01	0.031
TBV	0.00	0.00 – 0.00	<0.001
Sex	-0.19	-0.33 – -0.05	0.009
Observations	67
R² / R² adjusted	0.423 / 0.395

Sex Results

Sex predicts lh pars opercularis LGI, controlling for TBV and dx (removed age bc it was insignificant). Boys show higher lh pars opercularis LGI than girls.

	lh_parsopercularis_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.15	2.47 – 3.82	<0.001
Sex	-0.19	-0.33 – -0.05	0.009
Dx	-0.14	-0.27 – -0.01	0.031
TBV	0.00	0.00 – 0.00	<0.001
Observations	67
R² / R² adjusted	0.423 / 0.395

Bilingualism Results

	rh_parsopercularis_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.61	2.91 – 4.31	<0.001
Bilingual	0.26	0.13 – 0.40	<0.001
TBV	0.00	-0.00 – 0.00	0.065
Age	0.01	-0.00 – 0.01	0.077
INR	0.03	0.00 – 0.06	0.038
Observations	64
R² / R² adjusted	0.363 / 0.320

	rh_parstriangularis_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.62	2.82 – 4.43	<0.001
Bilingual	0.22	0.06 – 0.38	0.006
TBV	0.00	-0.00 – 0.00	0.578
Age	0.00	-0.00 – 0.01	0.188
INR	0.02	-0.01 – 0.05	0.220
Observations	64
R² / R² adjusted	0.180 / 0.124

	rh_transversetemporal_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.13	2.41 – 3.86	<0.001
Bilingual	0.23	0.09 – 0.37	0.002
TBV	0.00	0.00 – 0.00	<0.001
Age	0.00	-0.00 – 0.01	0.340
INR	0.02	-0.01 – 0.05	0.164
Observations	64
R² / R² adjusted	0.472 / 0.436

Exposure to more than one language is associated with higher LGI in the right hemisphere pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and transverse temporal gyrus, controlling for income:needs ratio, TBV, and age.

Bx Results

	lh_parsorbitalis_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.91	3.27 – 4.54	<0.001
RecLang T	-0.02	-0.04 – -0.01	0.005
Dx	-0.53	-1.02 – -0.04	0.034
Age	0.01	0.00 – 0.01	0.017
RL by Dx Intxn	0.01	0.00 – 0.02	0.019
Observations	66
R² / R² adjusted	0.215 / 0.164

	lh_parsorbitalis_lgi
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.52	2.99 – 4.04	<0.001
RL AE	-0.02	-0.03 – -0.00	0.013
Dx	-0.31	-0.65 – 0.02	0.066
Age	0.01	0.00 – 0.01	0.022
RL by Dx Intxn	0.01	0.00 – 0.02	0.046
Observations	66
R² / R² adjusted	0.183 / 0.130

CT Results

INR is positively associated with LH middle temporal gyrus cortical thickness, controlling for age, sex, and bilingualism. Bilingualism is negatively associated with with LH middle temporal gyrus CT. Age is also negatively associated with CT in this region.

Bilingualism associated with lower RH pars opercularis CT, controlling for INR, age, and sex.

	lh_middletemporal_CT
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.34	3.18 – 3.51	<0.001
Income:Needs	0.02	0.00 – 0.03	0.036
Age	-0.00	-0.01 – -0.00	0.004
Sex	0.05	-0.02 – 0.13	0.169
Bilingualism	-0.11	-0.18 – -0.04	0.004
Observations	66
R² / R² adjusted	0.275 / 0.227

Dx Results

	lh_parsorbitalis_CT
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	3.42	3.17 – 3.67	<0.001
Dx	0.15	0.03 – 0.27	0.014
Age	-0.01	-0.01 – -0.01	<0.001
Observations	70
R² / R² adjusted	0.288 / 0.267

Dx predicts left hemisphere pars orbitalis CT, controlling for age and bilingualism (sex not a significant predictor).

SA Results

INR

INR is not significantly associated with SA when controlling for other covariates.

Neighborhood Advantage

Neighborhood advantage associated with left hemisphere pars orbitalis SA and right hemisphere pars triangularis SA

	lh_parsorbitalis_area
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	-57.59	-225.59 – 110.41	0.496
SES1	-9.84	-18.66 – -1.02	0.029
TBV	0.00	0.00 – 0.00	<0.001
Age	2.36	0.94 – 3.79	0.002
Observations	69
R² / R² adjusted	0.593 / 0.574

	rh_parstriangularis_area
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	-470.22	-1057.97 – 117.54	0.115
SES1	-38.02	-68.88 – -7.17	0.017
TBV	0.00	0.00 – 0.00	<0.001
Age	4.08	-0.91 – 9.08	0.108
Observations	69
R² / R² adjusted	0.485 / 0.461

FC Analyses

Participant Table, FC Dataset

## 
## 
## |          &nbsp;           | level  |      ASD      |       TD       |   p    | test |
## |:-------------------------:|:------:|:-------------:|:--------------:|:------:|:----:|
## |           **n**           |        |      36       |       37       |        |      |
## |        **sex (%)**        | Female |   8 (22.2)    |   16 (43.2)    | 0.096  |      |
## |                           |  Male  |   28 (77.8)   |   21 (56.8)    |        |      |
## |  **BilingualCoded (%)**   |   0    |   15 (44.1)   |   23 (62.2)    | 0.199  |      |
## |                           |   1    |   19 (55.9)   |   14 (37.8)    |        |      |
## |  **MEL_cat (mean (SD))**  |        |  3.41 (1.54)  |  4.43 (1.04)   | 0.002  |      |
## |    **INR (mean (SD))**    |        |  3.10 (2.45)  |  4.45 (2.26)   | 0.020  |      |
## |   **SES1 (mean (SD))**    |        | -0.40 (1.91)  |  0.52 (1.59)   | 0.032  |      |
## | **ExpLang_T (mean (SD))** |        | 30.89 (13.02) | 48.97 (11.01)  | <0.001 |      |
## | **RecLang_T (mean (SD))** |        | 32.29 (12.60) | 53.68 (11.54)  | <0.001 |      |
## |  **ELC_SS (mean (SD))**   |        | 70.89 (20.48) | 105.08 (16.35) | <0.001 |      |
## |   **RMSD (mean (SD))**    |        |  0.12 (0.04)  |  0.11 (0.04)   | 0.097  |      |
## 
## Table: Participant Summary Table for FC Data

FC Analyses: Run 1, Run 2, and Both Runs (averaged)

$FC Matrices (Fisher's transformed z- scores)$
FC Matrices (Fisher's transformed z- scores)

ASD Lang FC Matrix

ASD Language FC Matrix)

TD Lang FC Matrix

TD Language FC Matrix)

There are no significant differences in FC between any regions tested at uncorrect p = 0.05.

Bivariate Correlation Plots, ASD&TD Together

Bivariate Plot

Bivariate Correlation Plots, ASD Only

Bivariate Plot

Bivariate Correlation Plots, TD Only

Bivariate Plot

FC Results: INR

INR predicts R-IFG-L-pSTS FC (z-scores), controlling for RMSD (not significant), dx (not significant), sex (not significant), and bilingualism (not significant) -- no significant dx by INR interaction. However, this association is no longer significant when controlling for SES1 (also not significant when controlling for INR, although they're both significant in the absence of one another)

	R.IFG.L.pSTS
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.36	0.13 – 0.59	0.003
Income:Needs	-0.02	-0.04 – -0.00	0.033
Sex	-0.08	-0.17 – 0.01	0.098
Dx	0.04	-0.05 – 0.13	0.370
Observations	68
R² / R² adjusted	0.098 / 0.055

FC Results: SES1

Neighborhood advantage predicts L-pSTS-R.pSTS FC, R-MTG-L-pSTS FC, L-IFG R-IFG FC, R-STG R-pSTS FC, R-STG L-pSTS FC, R-STG L-IFG controlling for RMSD, dx, age, and bilingualism, (many of these are not sig. covars).

Neighborhood advantage predicts R-IFG-L-pSTS FC (z-scores), controlling for RMSD, dx, age, and bilingualism, although none are sig. However, this association is not significant when controlling for INR.

	L.pSTS.R.pSTS
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.45	0.12 – 0.79	0.009
SES1	-0.05	-0.09 – -0.01	0.016
RMSD	0.79	-0.94 – 2.51	0.364
Bilingualism	-0.08	-0.22 – 0.06	0.260
Dx	0.05	-0.09 – 0.19	0.490
Observations	70
R² / R² adjusted	0.113 / 0.058

	R.MTG.L.pSTS
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.07	-0.22 – 0.36	0.632
SES1	-0.11	-0.22 – -0.00	0.045
RMSD	1.31	-0.30 – 2.92	0.109
Dx	0.13	0.00 – 0.26	0.044
SES1 by Dx	0.05	-0.02 – 0.12	0.169
Observations	70
R² / R² adjusted	0.158 / 0.106

	R.IFG.L.pSTS
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.15	-0.00 – 0.31	0.052
SES1	-0.03	-0.05 – -0.00	0.040
Dx	0.05	-0.04 – 0.14	0.297
Bilingualism	-0.04	-0.13 – 0.05	0.423
Observations	70
R² / R² adjusted	0.071 / 0.028

	L.IFG.R.IFG
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.35	0.18 – 0.52	<0.001
SES1	-0.03	-0.06 – -0.00	0.042
Dx	-0.02	-0.12 – 0.08	0.657
Bilingualism	0.00	-0.10 – 0.10	0.984
Observations	70
R² / R² adjusted	0.077 / 0.036

	R.STG.R.pSTS
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.53	0.34 – 0.73	<0.001
SES1	0.05	-0.05 – 0.15	0.281
Dx	0.04	-0.07 – 0.16	0.444
Bilingualism	-0.11	-0.22 – 0.01	0.081
SES by Dx	-0.07	-0.13 – 0.00	0.051
Observations	70
R² / R² adjusted	0.141 / 0.088

	R.STG.L.pSTS
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.31	0.11 – 0.51	0.003
SES1	-0.05	-0.08 – -0.01	0.005
Dx	-0.01	-0.12 – 0.11	0.928
Bilingualism	-0.07	-0.18 – 0.05	0.256
Observations	70
R² / R² adjusted	0.123 / 0.083

	R.STG.L.IFG
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.08	-0.07 – 0.23	0.275
SES1	-0.04	-0.06 – -0.01	0.005
Dx	0.04	-0.05 – 0.12	0.373
Bilingualism	-0.06	-0.15 – 0.02	0.150
Observations	70
R² / R² adjusted	0.126 / 0.086

FC Results: MEL

MEL is not a significant predictor of Lang FC when controlling for RMSD, dx, sex, and bilingualism.

FC Results: Covariates

There is a significant age by dx interaction on L-IFG L-MTG FC

Bilingualism predicts L-IFG L-MTG FC, controlling for age, dx, and ageXdx effects.

Bilingualism is associated with L-IFG R-MTG FC

Sex predicts L-STG R-MTG

Dx Predicts L-STG L-IFG

	L.IFG.L.MTG
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.57	0.17 – 0.97	0.006
Bilingualism	-0.09	-0.16 – -0.01	0.030
Age	-0.01	-0.02 – 0.00	0.064
Dx	-0.28	-0.51 – -0.06	0.015
Age by Dx	0.01	0.00 – 0.01	0.010
Observations	71
R² / R² adjusted	0.211 / 0.163

	L.IFG.R.MTG
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.12	-0.09 – 0.34	0.259
Bilingualism	-0.13	-0.21 – -0.04	0.004
RMSD	0.19	-0.88 – 1.27	0.721
Dx	0.03	-0.05 – 0.12	0.427
Observations	71
R² / R² adjusted	0.150 / 0.112

	L.STG.R.MTG
Coeffcient	Estimates	CI (95%)	p-Value
Intercept	0.47	0.26 – 0.68	<0.001
Sex/Gender	-0.11	-0.19 – -0.03	0.011
Dx	-0.06	-0.14 – 0.02	0.166
Bilingualism	-0.01	-0.09 – 0.07	0.817
Observations	71
R² / R² adjusted	0.104 / 0.064

SES Lang. Analyses

Lindsay Olson

3/5/2021

Participant Table, Anatomical Analyses

LGI Results

INR

Dx Results

Sex Results

Bilingualism Results

Bx Results

CT Results

Dx Results

SA Results

INR

Neighborhood Advantage

FC Analyses

Participant Table, FC Dataset

FC Analyses: Run 1, Run 2, and Both Runs (averaged)

ASD Lang FC Matrix

TD Lang FC Matrix

Bivariate Correlation Plots, ASD&TD Together

Bivariate Correlation Plots, ASD Only

Bivariate Correlation Plots, TD Only

FC Results: INR

FC Results: SES1

FC Results: MEL

FC Results: Covariates